A research encyclopedia entry traces how Japanese 男の娘 (otokonoko) moved through publishing, cosplay, physical venues, creator self-description, and platform tags from a media-character category into several forms of real-person labeling.

A historical essay separates the origin question into three clocks—terms, media characters, and embodied practice—to trace how Japanese otokonoko publishing, cosplay, and Chinese platform language converged.

A substantial research map that organizes nanniang, weiniang, cross-dressing, otokonoko, Nanliang, and related materials through six reusable entry points: speaker, referent and practice, page position, historical pathway, community circulation, and strength of evidence.

A research encyclopedia entry tracing six converging sources of contemporary Chinese nanniang culture: Japanese character publishing, cross-dressing and cosplay practice, Chinese ACG translation, mass-media circulation, platform interaction, and English-language femboy recirculation.

A context-first guide to five adjacent labels in Chinese, Japanese, and English, showing how character classification, clothing practice, audience praise, platform naming, and self-description can be lost through direct substitution.